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Aplastic Anemia (short version)

ICD-10 D61.-
Date of document November 2022
This document is not the most recent version. Please view: Aplastische Anämie

1Summary

Aplastic anemia (AA) (synonyms: panmyelopathy, panmyelophthisis) comprises a heterogeneous group of rare diseases leading to bone marrow insufficiency. The more common acquired aplastic anemias are to be distinguished from the 'inherited bone marrow failure syndromes'. Clinically, aplastic anemia is dominated by the symptoms of bi- or tricytopenia with anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia in various combinations and to variable degrees.

Therapy is based on the etiology and especially on the clinical manifestation. In cases of non-severe/moderate aplastic anemia (nSAA/MAA), wait-and-see approach is recommended or, if treatment is indicated, immunosuppressive therapy. In severe or very severe aplastic anemia, allogeneic stem cell transplantation is curative. If not feasible, immunosuppressive therapy with horse anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG) plus ciclosporin A (CSA) is the gold standard in firstline treatment in these cases. New drugs such as the thrombopoietin receptor eltrombopag expand the therapeutic options.

As aplastic anemia is a rare disease and often requires further therapy optimization. Contact should be made with an expert center before initiating therapy to clarify, among other things, whether treatment is possible in the context of a clinical trial.

2Therapy

The current treatment algorithm is depicted in Figure 1.

Figure 1: Therapy algorithm for aplastic anemia 
curative treatment intent; non-curative treatment intent;
blue: established therapy, yellow: experimental therapy
1 recommendations for children in protocols and guidelines of the Pediatric Study Group Aplastic Anemia;
2 see chapter 6. 3 (Link to German guideline)
3  nSAA - non-severe AA (aplastic anemia); SAA – severe AA, vSAA - very severe AA
4 see chapter 6. 3. 1 (Link to German guideline)
5 see chapter 6. 3. 2 (Link to German guideline)
6 see chapter 6. 1. 1 (Link to German guideline)
7 important is the biological age and not the age in years; this is important for patients ≥50 years, who do not respond to non-transplant therapy
8 MUD – matched unrelated donor; see chapter 6.1.3.2.1 (Link to German guideline)
9 first line standard therapy for patients with vSAA / SAA, who are ineligible for allogeneic stem cell transplantation is the combination of ATG
(anti-thymocyte globulin), ciclosporine A and eltrombopag. (Eltrombopag is not approved for this indication in Germany).
10 allo SCT: allogeneic stem cell transplantation; Cy200 - cyclophosphamide 200 mg/kg, FluCy/ATG – fludarabine, low dose cyclophosphamide and ATG; MTX – methotrexate, TBI – total body irradiation
11 allo SCT with haploidentical stem cell donor; see chapter 6.1.3.2.1 (Link to German guideline)

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10Active studies

11Systemic Therapy – Protocols

12Study results

13Certification Status

15Authors' Affiliations

Univ.-Prof. Dr. med. Tim Henrik Brümmendorf
Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen
Medizinische Klinik IV
Klinik für Onkologie, Hämatologie,
Hämostaseologie und Stammzelltransplantation
Pauwelsstr. 30
52074 Aachen
Dr. med. Hans Joachim Deeg
Dr. med. Britta Höchsmann
Universitätsklinik Ulm
Institut für Klinische Transfusionsmedizin und Immungenetik
Helmholtzstr. 10
89081 Ulm
Dr. Sigrid Machherndl-Spandl
Ordensklinikum Linz Elisabethinen
Interne 1 - Hämatologie mit
Stammzelltransplantation, Hämostaseologie
und medizinische Onkologie
Fadingerstr. 1
A-4020 Linz
PD Dr. med. Jens Panse
Universitätsklinikum RWTH Aachen
Medizinische Klinik IV
Klinik für Onkologie, Hämatologie,
Hämostaseologie und Stammzelltransplantation
Pauwelsstr. 30
52074 Aachen
Prof. Dr. med. Jakob Passweg
Universitätsspital Basel
Hämatologie
Petersgraben 4
CH-4031 Basel
Prof. Dr. med. Alexander Röth
Universitätsklinikum Essen
Klinik für Hämatologie
Westdeutsches Tumorzentrum
Hufelandstr. 55
45122 Essen
Prof. Dr. med. Hubert Schrezenmeier
Universitätsklinikum Ulm
Institut für klinische Transfusionsmedizin
Helmholtzstr. 10
89081 Ulm
Prof. Dr. med. Jörg Schubert
Elblandklinikum Riesa
Innere Medizin II
Hämatologie/Onkologie & Gastroenterologie
Weinbergstr. 8
01589 Riesa
Prof. Dr. med. Bernhard Wörmann
Amb. Gesundheitszentrum der Charité
Campus Virchow-Klinikum
Med. Klinik m.S. Hämatologie & Onkologie
Augustenburger Platz 1
13344 Berlin

16Disclosures

Conflicts of interest can be found in the full German version of the guideline.

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